How to spot signs of Cushing’s disease in dogs – and how to treat it
Cushing’s disease might not be the first condition that springs to mind when thinking about canine health, but it’s more common than many dog owners realise.
The hormonal disorder affects middle-aged and older dogs, often leading to a distinctive ‘pot-bellied’ look, excessive thirst, and a thinning coat.
But what exactly is Cushing’s disease, and how can you spot the signs? PDSA vet Emma Fisher explains everything to know...
What is Cushing’s disease?
“Cushing’s disease (also known as hyperadrenocorticism) is a condition that develops in the body due to high levels of the hormone cortisol,” Emma tells Country Living.
“Cortisol is an essential hormone normally produced by the adrenal glands, and signals from the pituitary gland in the brain closely control the amount produced.
“Cushing’s disease develops when the adrenal gland becomes overactive and releases too much cortisol. The adrenal glands are on top of the kidneys, producing hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline, which regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and other vital processes.”
Causes of Cushing’s disease
There are three main types of Cushing’s disease, the most common being a tiny tumour in the pituitary gland that overstimulates the adrenal glands. “A brain tumour sounds scary, but it’s usually a small, benign tumour that causes no problems other than Cushing’s disease,” Emma explains. “Some breeds, such as Poodles, Dachshunds, and Yorkshire Terriers, are prone to this type of Cushing's disease. It will usually be seen in middle to older age dogs.”
Another cause is an adrenal gland tumour, which produces excessive cortisol. Emma adds: “A third type is called iatrogenic Cushing’s disease. This can be caused by high-dose steroid medication. If you are concerned that your dog is showing any symptoms of Cushing’s, you should never change the medication your dog is on without discussing it with your vet first.”
Symptoms of Cushing's disease in dogs
Cushing’s disease presents a range of symptoms, some of which may develop gradually. “Dogs with Cushing’s disease often develop a unique appearance, so your vet may suspect the condition simply by looking at your dog,” Emma continues.
“However, further tests are usually needed as other illnesses can show similar signs, and it is important to confirm the diagnosis before starting your dog on lifelong medications.”
Common symptoms include:
Excessive drinking and peeing
A ‘pot-belly’ (swollen stomach)
Bald patches, especially on the sides and tail
Increased appetite
Dark patches on skin
Thin, scaly skin prone to infections
Slow-healing wounds
Low energy levels
Panting more than usual
Muscle wastage
Diagnosis and treatment
Vets may perform blood tests, urine tests, and ultrasound scans to confirm Cushing's disease. In some cases, advanced imaging, such as a CT scan, is required.
Most cases are managed with medication that controls cortisol production. Emma says: “The medication must be given to your dog for the rest of their life. It’s important to give the correct dose because if too much is given, cortisol levels may drop dangerously low and cause Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism).”
Surgery is also an option in some cases, though it carries risks. “There are specialist vets that may operate to remove the tumour in the adrenal gland or brain, but it’s important to be aware that these surgeries have risks and are expensive,” she continues. “Talk to your vet about whether these surgeries may suit your dog.”
For iatrogenic Cushing’s, reducing steroid dosage may be possible under veterinary supervision. Emma continues: “This is always done gradually, as stopping steroids suddenly can cause serious health issues for your dog. Always speak to your vet before changing any dose of medication.”
What to expect after diagnosis
Dogs diagnosed with Cushing’s will need regular check-ups to monitor their progress – particularly in the first few months after diagnosis
Emma says. “Blood tests are often necessary to check your dog’s cortisol levels to ensure they are on the right amount of medication.”
She explains that dogs with Cushing’s disease have a better quality of life on medication. Left untreated, they are more prone to high blood pressure and blood clots, as well as contracting infections. Without medication, they will become more lethargic over time, and all of their symptoms will gradually worsen.
Some symptoms improve within weeks, while others take months. With the right care, many dogs with well-controlled Cushing’s can live happily for years.
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